Trypanosomiasis

 Trypanosomiasis

Trypanosomiasis also called Nagana or African Trypanosomiasis is a group of diseases caused by protozoa of the genus trypanosoma and it affected all domesticated animals.

Aetiology

Typanosoma appearance in blood film

The major veterinary species are

T. congolense,
T. vivax,
T. brucei brucei and
T. Simlae

Zoonotic species;

T. brucei rhodensiense and
T. brucei gambiense 

The above two are zoonotic species of trypanosoma which affected people as the predominant host causing sleeping sickness in human being

Host:

The hosts affected by the above major veterinary species of trypanosoma include
cattle,
sheep,
goat and
Many other domestic and wild animals’ species.

Vector:

Tsetse fly

The vector is tsetse fly (glossina) of difference species viz;
Glossina morsitans (found in the savanna area),
Glossina palpalis (areas around rivers and lakes) and
Glossina fusca (high forest areas)
All these three species transmit Trypanosomiasis and feed on a wide spectrum of mammals.

Clinical Signs:

 

In ruminants, the major signs are;

1. Anemia
2. Generalized enlargement of the superficial lymph glands
3. Lethargy and
4. Progressive loss of bodily condition
5. Fever and loss of appetite
6. The growth of the young animals is stunted while adults show decreased fertility and if pregnant, may abort or give birth to a weak offspring.
7. In the terminal stage, animals become extremely weak, the lymph nodes are reduced in size and there is often jugular pulse.
8. Death is associated with congestive heart failure due to anemia and myocarditis.

In horse:

T. brucei infection may be acute or chronic;
1. Accompanied by oedema of the limbs and genitalia

In dogs and cats:

1. Corneal opacity is a feature or characteristics signs
2. Anemia
3. Myocarditis
4. Neurological changes and
5. Ataxia

Diagnosis

1. Blood sample To detect motile trypanosomes in fresh films of blood
2. Clinical signs and symptom
3. Case history of the animals being in the area with tsetse fly.

Prevention and Control:

1. Control of tsetse fly

• Bush cleaning and elimination of game animals which tsetse fly feed on.
• Use of insecticide in form of ground and aerial spraying.
• Trapping
• Sterile male technique

     2. Treatment
    Using prophylactic dosing

NB: the drugs used for treating Trypanosomiasis are there, but we didn’t put them here for some health and ethical reasons. Please contact a doctor whenever there is a case to help and direct you.

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© James Bol Bol Duer

   Executive Director and Founder

  Konyweŋ Veterinary Service - KVS

  

Kid (goat) born with eight legs in Gogrial East

 

Pic: Monocephalus thoracopagus

There emerged news and circulating photo of a kid (goat) born with eight (8) legs in Pathuon West Payam (Luonyaker) in Gogrial East County of Warrap State this week.

The people in the area put the kid in “Ateny” containing Dura and performed some traditional makings claiming that “it is a miracle” as seen in the picture attached above.

As a veterinarian this is not something connected with the traditional kind of thing or believes as people are circulating it online.

 It is a monster and the name of this particular monster in the picture is called “Monocephalus thoracopagus”.

It is a posterior twinning type of monster because the division of the body is at the lower (posterior) part of the body (esp legs) while the thorax and the front (anterior) part of the body is single.

 

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Read more about monster in detail here under

MONSTER:

Definition:

Monster is a disturbance of development in several organs and
causes distortion of the foetus e.g. Duplication of all or most of
the organs.

Monsters develop from a single ovum and these are the product of incomplete twinning.

Monsters are classified into two as under:
1. SEPARATE TWINS
One twin is well developed while another is malformed and
lack the heart, lungs or trunk, head, limbs.
2. UNITED TWINS
These twins are united with symmetrical development and are
further classified as:
(A) ANTERIOR TWINNING
Anterior (front) portion (part) of foetus is having double structures while
posterior portion remains as single.

·        Pyopagus is a monster twin united in the pelvic region
with the bodies side by side.

·        Ischiopagus is a monster twin united in the pelvic region
with the bodies at more than a right angle.

·        Dicephalus is a monster having two separate heads, neck,
thorax, and trunk.

·        Diprosopus is a monster having double organs in cephalic
region without complete separation of heads and with
double face.

(B) POSTERIOR TWINNING
while in this monster, the anterior (front) portion (part) remains single and
posterior (behind) parts of the foetus become double.

• Craniopagus is a monster having separate brain with separate bodies arranged at an acute angle.
• Cephalothoracopagus is the monster having united head
and thorax.
• Dipygus is the monster having double posterior extremities and posterior parts of body.

(C) ALMOST COMPLETE TWINING
In some monster; twins are having complete development with
joining in thorax and abdomen.
• Thoracopagus is a monsters united in thorax region.
• Prosopothoracopagus is the monster twin united at thorax, head, neck and abdomen.
• Rachipagus is the monster in which thoracic and lumber
portion of vertebral column are united in twin.

 

By:

James Bol Bol Duer

Managing Director (MD),

Konyweŋ Veterinary Service

 

First blog

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